For the first time, the remarkable features of Australia’s unique wildlife, from platypus, bilby, kangaroo and emu to mammals gone extinct, are available for all to see via their bones and skeletons in a new free online collection.
Using 3D imaging technology, Flinders University and partners have launched the Ozboneviz virtual database, which goes inside the anatomy of dozens of Australia’s most famous animals for the public, schools, researchers, artists, nature-lovers and others to access.
Described in a new article published in the journal BioScience, the new collection of more than 1600 specimens has been collated and uploaded on to the high-tech MorphoSource repository by Flinders University Associate Professor Vera Weisbecker’s Bones and Biodiversity Lab and colleagues around Australia.
“We are all fascinated by bones, and this new database is a way to go behind the glass cases at the museum, see specimens up close and understand their special features,” says Weisbecker, who hopes Ozboneviz will fuel better scientific and public appreciation of Australia’s amazing mammals around the world.
“Australia leads the world in mammal extinctions, but we are losing far more than a few fluffy rat-like critters,” she adds. “Our mammals have evolved in isolation for nearly 40 million years – there is simply nothing like them anywhere else.”
“Victorian-era scientists deemed Australian wildlife ‘primitive’, but now we can marvel at the elongated leg bones that make the kangaroo the largest hopping animal ever, or the bizarre shovel-like arms of the marsupial mole, and chances are that you will change your mind.”
“3D models of skeletons are a charismatic way to engage adults and children alike with Australia’s precious fauna, making it a key asset in science communication and school education.”
Now Australia’s largest open-access library of 3D biodiversity data, the project was funded by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), with support from the Australian Museum, SA and NT museums, the Australian National Wildlife Collection, and several universities.
“Our core team spent three years travelling to four Australian museums and three universities. We mostly used surface scanners to digitise ten key bones of 189 iconic Australasian species: the skull, shoulder blade, pelvis and limb bones,” explains CABAH and Flinders archaeologist Dr Erin Mein.
“We used a structured light scanner to image the outside of most bones,” said Flinders PhD Candidate Jacob van Zoelen. “But for particularly rare species, like the presumed-extinct ngudlukanta, or desert rat-kangaroo, we opted for computed tomography because it also images the internal structure of the bones at resolutions of 10-50 micrometers.”
The resulting 3D files are deposited on the MorphoSource platform, which is important for scientists because it has the same rigorous cataloguing as any physical museum. But the files are open access, with anyone able to download them for non-commercial use.
To facilitate public access, Mein also built a Sketchfab site with more than 500 of the most precious and informative bones, with examples including the skull of an extinct marsupial tiger, or thylacine, the pig-footed bandicoot, desert-rat kangaroo and rare marsupial mole.
“This means the public can compare the cranium of a fox to a thylacine and dingo, for example, and compare the size and shape of limb bones of common marsupials,” said Mein. “There are also plenty of annotations to help non-specialist users learn about vertebrate anatomy and compare anatomical attributes between species.
As well as the focus on large native mammals such as kangaroos, possums, and bandicoots, the database includes some non-native mammals that people tend to come across, like goats and sheep, as well as a selection of large birds, lizards and frogs.
The MorphoSource collection includes a number of specimens with interesting features or stories, including:
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The skeleton of Billie, the Port River dolphin well known to Adelaide residents;
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An Attenborough’s long-beaked Echidna (Zaglossus attenboroughi) previously considered extinct but was reobserved in the wild around the time the specimen was scanned;
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The extinct pig-footed bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus), the only marsupial with something like hooves; and
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CT scan of two whole marsupial moles (genus Notoryctes), which is Australia’s weirdest skeleton, according to Weisbecker.
She says there is no Australian precedent for open-access databases of this kind.
“Hopefully, this will lead the way to an even wider use of digitisation to make Australia’s unique local biodiversity accessible to the global public.”
The article, Ozboneviz: An Australian Precedent in FAIR 3D Imagery and Extended Biodiversity Collections (2025) by Vera Weisbecker (Flinders University), Diana Fusco (Flinders), Sandy Ingleby (Australian Museum), Ariana BJ Lambrides (James Cook University), Tiina Manne (University of Queensland), Keith Maguire (South Australian Museum), Sue O’Connor (ANU), Thomas J Peachey (Australian Museum), Sofia C Samper Carro (ANU), David Stemmer (SA Museum), Jorgo Ristevski (Griffith University and Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology), Jacob D van Zoelen (Flinders), Pietro Viacava (CSIRO), Adam M Yates (Museum and Art Gallery of the NT) and Erin Mein (Flinders) has been published in Bioscience.
